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The Cabinet okays a Rs 10,000 Crore futuristic revamp of three major railway stations.

the-cabinet-okays-a-rs-10000-crore-futuristic-revamp-of-three-major-railway-stations

The Cabinet okays a Rs 10,000 Crore futuristic revamp of three major railway stations.

The union cabinet meeting, which is chaired by the hon. prime minister, Narendra Modi, have gave approval for the redevelopment of 3 major railway stations with a total investment of Rs 10,000 crores. Further, union minister of railways Ashwini Vaishnaw has said that the stations will be develop with a futuristic design.
1. New Delhi railway station
2. b] The railway station in Ahmadabad, as well as
3. c] Mumbai’s Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus [CSMT].
A railway station is an important and central place for any city. PM Shri Narendra Modi has given importance to station development in the transformation of railways by using green building techniques method with solar energy, water conservation, recycling and improved tree cover. cabinet decision gives a new direction to the station dev.,work on development of 199 station on and from these tenders have been issued for 47 railway stations. For the remaining stations, the master planning and design is in progress. Work progression is fast for 32 stations and the cabinet has sanctioned an investment of Rs 10,000 crores for 3 big stations, namely New Delhi, CSMT Mumbai and Ahmadabad.

The components of railway station design will be:

Every station will have a spacious roof plaza of [38/72/108m] with all the passengers’ amenities in one place, along with spaces for retail, cafeterias, and recreational facilities..
Both sides of the city will be connected to the station, and with the station building on both sides of the railway tracks.

Facilities like food courts, waiting lounges, playing areas for children , and places for local products, etc. will be available.

To make stations comfortable , there will be a proper illumination , way finding, signage, acoustics, lifts, escalators, and travelators.

A detailed plan have been prepare for the smooth movement of traffic with adequate parking facilities.

There will be corporations for transportation like metro, buses, etc.

Green building techniques will be use in stations redeveloping with solar energy, water conservation, and recycling and improved tree cover.

Special care will be taking to provide Divyang with friendly facilities.

This stations will be built on the concept of elegant building.

There will be segregation of arrivals and departures, clutter-free platforms, improved surfaces, and fully covered platforms.

All stations will have a CCTV installation with remote access.

development benefits:

These will be iconic station buildings. However, shifting from the earlier stance, the ministry will no longer be looking at station redevelopment on a public–private partnership [ppp] basis, the minister said. The 3 stations will be develop completely through budgetary means, he added. The projects will be tendered out through the engineering procurement and construction [EPC] mode. This comes from the ministry had earlier floated a tender for the redevelopment of Chhatrapati shivaji maharj terminus under the build-operate-transfer [BOT] MODE. A form of PPP.

The benefits of the EPC mode are that it results in the creation of 35,744 new jobs; it improves the daily experience of more than two million travellers; it also helps the local economy through investment and additional business opportunities; and it promotes transit-oriented development of cities.

The development assumes significance with respect to the monetisation plans of the railway ministry , which is the second highest contributor to the centres The Rs 6 trillion national transportation .Further, Vaishnaw said that the Delhi station will take around 3.5 years to complete as it involves complex operational changes, and the other two railway stations, Ahmadabad and CSMT Mumbai, will be ready in 2.5 years. The redevelopment of the stations is to be complete in a time span of approximately 2–3.5 years.

Equity Right

How are Exchange Rates are Determined?

What determines Exchange Rates?

 

Exchange Rate is the value of one country’s (nation) currency against another nation’s currency. In simple terms, it is a relative value between two currencies. Usually exchange rates are free floating depending on demand and supply in market. But there are exchange rates which have restrictions and are not based on floating rate. The other factor apart from demand and supply that determines exchange rate are interest rates, speculation and market sentiment , inflation rates, etc.

Type of Exchange Rate:

Currency Peg – Sometimes a particular country’s currency peg to that of other countries currency. For example – Hong Kong’s dollar pegs to US dollar in range of 7.65 to 7.80, than value of Hong Kong’s dollar will remain between the ranges of 7.65 to 7.80.

Free floating – This rate actually fluctuates due to the change in foreign exchange market. So, if there is any fall or rise in the foreign exchange market, it will affect free floating exchange rate.

Restricted currencies – This is not applicable to all the currencies, as only some countries have restrictions which limit their exchange to be within the country’s border and have value which is set by government.

Spot and forward – Spot price is basically current market value which is also known as cash value. Similarly, exchange rate have Forward rate, which are based on the expected currency rise and fall. Forward rate changes as expected change in market value.

Onshore and Offshore – Sometimes, exchange rate differs in their own country which is because of onshore and offshore rates. This situation occurs between country’s border versus outside its borders and fluctuates accordingly. For example, Chinese government has own structure and controls the currency. By setting a midpoint value for the currency, which allows the Yuan to trade in a band of 2% from the midpoint.

Quotation – Quotation is basically an exchange rate which is quoted using an acronym for the national currency which they represent.

 

What determines currency exchange rate ?

Other currency determined price of one currency. Therefore various factors mainly Fixed Exchange rates, Floating Exchange Rates and Managed Exchanged rates influences Currency rate. Floating exchanges rates and Fixed Exchanges rates are most commonly used to determine rate as Floating rate actually fluctuates due to the change in foreign exchange market. So, if there is any fall or rise in the foreign exchange market, it will affect free floating exchange rate.  Demand and supply are the main factor to determine it in open market operation.

If fixed rates are used by economy than this is not applicable to all the currency, as only some countries have restrictions, which limit their exchange to be within the countries border and have value which is set by government. Countries choose to peg where, a particular countries currency peg to that of other countries currency. For example, Hong Kong’s dollar pegs to US dollar in range of 7.65 to 7.80. Than the value of Hong Kong’s dollar will remain between the ranges of 7.65 to 7.80 usually done to maintain stable rates.

Major factors which determines exchange rates are:

Government – When there is too much volatility in Forex market, then government or regulatory body of that country may intervene and buy opposite currency to control downfall. For Example, if Rupee is depreciating against Dollar with a high difference, than RBI may come forward and buy Dollars.

Imports and Exports – Imports and exports play major role in exchange rates. Therefore, government always try to maintain balance between them. For example, if imports are increasing, it create more burden on that particular country’s economy resulting in rate fluctuation.

Interest Rates – Interest rates on government bonds attracts investors, but rate should be high enough to cover foreign market risk so that investor’s money is safe and credit ratings are stable. This will result in flipping rates in particular countries exchange rate.

Speculations and Market Sentiment – When the markets are moving, there is a lot of speculation about the expected changes into the currency rates which results in investments, redemptions of foreign investors. Through speculations, investors try to earn more profit.

Inflation Rates – Any change in inflation rates results change in exchange rates. Usually, country’s which have low inflation rate have seen appreciation in their exchange rate and vice versa.

Other factors that contribute in fluctuation of exchange rates are country’s political stability, debt holdings and overall performance of economy.

 

 

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