RBI Maintains Neutral Stance: Balancing Inflation Risks and Growth Slowdown

The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) extended its status quo on policy rates in its latest meeting, keeping the repo rate unchanged at 6.50%. The decision, supported by a majority vote of 4 out of 6 members, underscores the central bank’s cautious approach in managing inflation risks while ensuring sustained economic recovery. Notably, two members voted for a 25 basis points (bps) rate cut, reflecting concerns over the ongoing growth slowdown.

Inflation Concerns Shape Policy Decision
The RBI’s decision to maintain its neutral stance stems from an uptick in inflationary pressures. The central bank sharply revised its baseline Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation forecast for Q3 FY25, raising it by 0.9 percentage points. Similarly, the full-year inflation forecast has been increased by 0.3 percentage points, highlighting persistent price pressures.

RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das reiterated the significance of price stability, emphasizing its role in supporting sustained growth. “High inflation adversely impacts consumption and investment activity,” he noted, signaling the MPC’s vigilance in managing inflation expectations. The October CPI print of over 6%—driven primarily by food inflation—further underscores the need for caution.

Revised Growth Projections Reflect Slowdown
Acknowledging weaker-than-expected economic performance in the first half of FY25, the RBI lowered its full-year GDP growth forecast from 7.2% to 6.6%. The second quarter witnessed a seven-quarter low in growth, prompting a recalibration of projections.

Despite this, the RBI projects a rebound in the latter half of FY25, with real GDP growth expected to rise to 7% in H2 FY25. Governor Das expressed confidence in the recovery, citing early signs of improvement in high-frequency indicators such as rural demand, government consumption, and external trade.

Liquidity Measures to Support Growth
In a move to address liquidity challenges, the RBI announced a 50 bps reduction in the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), bringing it down to 4% of banks’ net demand and time liabilities. This measure, last implemented in April 2022, is expected to inject approximately ₹1.16 trillion into the banking system.

This liquidity infusion aims to counter tightness arising from the RBI’s dollar sales to stabilize the rupee. Current estimates suggest a durable liquidity surplus of ₹1.88 trillion, significantly lower than the ₹4.88 trillion recorded in early October.

The CRR cut complements other liquidity-enhancing measures, such as raising the ceiling rate on Foreign Currency Non-Resident (Bank) [FCNR(B)] deposits by 1.5% above the reference rate until March 2025. This move seeks to attract higher capital inflows amidst declining foreign portfolio investments (FPIs) and net foreign direct investments (FDIs).

Inflation and Growth Outlook
Inflation Trajectory:
The RBI’s revised inflation projections signal a cautious outlook. Headline inflation is expected to average 5.7% in Q3 FY25, up from the previous estimate of 4.8%. Over the subsequent two quarters, inflation is projected to moderate to 4.55%, before aligning with the RBI’s 4% target in Q2 FY26.

Food inflation, a key driver, is anticipated to ease with the arrival of the winter crop and improved supply chain dynamics. However, the potential for second-round effects from elevated food prices remains a concern. Surveys indicate that input and selling prices could firm up in Q4, necessitating close monitoring of inflation data in the coming months.

Growth Prospects:
Despite the downward revision in growth forecasts, the RBI remains optimistic about a recovery. Factors supporting this outlook include robust Kharif production, favorable Rabi crop prospects, and an uptick in investment activity.

High capacity utilization in the private manufacturing sector and the government’s fiscal space for increased capital expenditure are expected to bolster growth. Additionally, resilient global trade and buoyant services demand are likely to sustain external and urban consumption, although geopolitical and geo-economic uncertainties pose risks.

Policy Implications and the Road Ahead
The MPC’s cautious approach suggests that policy easing in the February 2025 meeting will hinge on inflation and growth dynamics. With inflation projected to remain above the 4% target until mid-2025, any rate cuts will depend on a durable reduction in price pressures.

The infusion of durable liquidity through the CRR cut provides the RBI with the flexibility to monitor macroeconomic conditions. Financial conditions remain supportive, as evidenced by strong bank credit growth surpassing nominal GDP growth and robust credit deployment across key sectors.

The National Statistical Office (NSO) will release advance GDP estimates before the next MPC meeting, offering critical insights into underlying economic momentum. While the baseline trajectory suggests room for a cumulative 50 bps rate cut under a neutral stance, persistent inflationary pressures could delay monetary easing. Conversely, if growth underwhelms, the MPC may adopt an accommodative stance, potentially enabling up to 100 bps of rate cuts over the next year.

Conclusion
The RBI’s latest policy decision reflects a balanced approach, prioritizing inflation management while addressing growth concerns. By maintaining a neutral stance and implementing targeted liquidity measures, the central bank aims to navigate a challenging macroeconomic landscape. The trajectory of inflation and growth in the coming months will be crucial in determining the MPC’s future course of action. For now, the RBI’s cautious optimism provides a foundation for sustaining economic recovery amidst global uncertainties.

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